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tinued his efforts to reform the manners and practice
of the clergy, and in 1446 set out on a second jour-
ney to Italy, to consult with and obtain the co-
operation of the pope in his work of reformation.
On this occasion he was accompanied by a train of
thirty persons; for though moderate in all his enjoy-
ments, he was yet of an exceedingly liberal disposi-
tion, and a scrupulous maintainer of the dignity
of his sacred office. His dislike of turbulence, his
constant efforts to reconcile differences where they
existed, and to discountenance oppression, rendered
him peculiarly obnoxious to the house of Douglas;
and in revenge of the part he took in restraining the
power of that ambitious family, his lands were plun-
dered by the Earl of Crawford and Alexander Ogilvie
of Inveraritie, at the instigation of the Earl of Douglas,
who had farther instructed them to seize if possible
the person of the bishop, and to put him in irons.
This fate he only avoided by confining himself to his
castle. He was, however, eventually the means of
reducing the power of the Douglases within limits
more consistent with the peace and safety of the
kingdom. James II., almost driven from his throne
by the increasing insolence of the chief of that house,
went in despair to St. Andrews to seek the counsel
of its able bishop. On the prince and prelate meet-
ing, the former informed him that Douglas was
mustering a large army either to dethrone him or
drive him from the country; that he knew no means
of resisting him, and was utterly at a loss what steps
to take in this emergency. " Sir," replied the bishop,
"I entreat your grace to partake, in the meantime,
of some refreshment, and while ye do so I will pass
into my chamber and pray to God for you and the
commonwealth of this realm." When the king had
finished his repast the bishop came forth, and taking
him by the hand led him into the apartment in which
he himself had been praying, and there they both
knelt down and besought the guidance and assist-
ance of Him who directs all things. When they had
concluded their devotions, the bishop proceeded to
point out to the king such a mode of procedure as
he deemed the most suitable to the circumstances.
He advised the monarch immediately to issue pro-
clamations calling upon his subjects in the north
to muster around his standard, which he afterwards
erected at St. Andrews, and offer pardon to all who,
having previously attached themselves to the Earl of
Douglas, would now abandon his cause and aid that
of the king. The consequence was that James soon
found himself at the head of 40,000 men. The final
muster took place at Stirling, and a battle, which
was to decide whether a Douglas or a Stuart was to
be King of Scotland, appeared to be at hand; for
the former with an equal force was at that moment
encamped on the south side of the Carron. But
while in the very act of advancing, Douglas detected
the effects of the amnesty proclaimed by James by
the advice of the bishop. A spirit of disaffection
and indications of wavering appeared in his ranks.
Alarmed by these symptoms he marched his army
back to their encampment, hoping to restore their
confidence, but the result was very different, for on
the following morning there were not a hundred men
remaining of all Douglas' host. Finding himself
thus deserted, the earl fled; and in this manner fell
the overgrown power of the house of Douglas—a
circumstance mainly, if not entirely, attributable to
the wisdom and energy of the Bishop of St. An-
drews.
On the death of James II. Bishop Kennedy was
intrusted with the charge and education of his son,
afterwards James III., then about seven years of age.
His known wisdom, prudence, and integrity, pointed
him out as the fittest person for this important duty,
and on the same ground there was added to it a large
share in the management of public affairs during the
regency of the queen-mother. He had acquired an
authority in the kingdom by the mere influence of
his character, which few had ever attained, and he
was thus enabled to accomplish more amongst a rude
people than would have been effected by mere power
or rank. The consequence was, that unusual quiet-
ness and prosperity pervaded the whole kingdom
during his administration. He enjoyed the confid-
ence of all parties, and was no less esteemed for
his probity, humanity, and wisdom, than admired
for the splendour of his abilities; and so universal
was the satisfaction which his government afforded,
that the chief management of public affairs was still
left in his hands even after the death of the queen-
mother, and remained with him until his own death,
which took place on the 10th May, 1466.
Bishop Kennedy was not less remarkable for his
munificence than for his other splendid qualities.
He founded the college at St. Andrews called St.
Salvador's, in honour of our Saviour, and endowed
it with a fund for the maintenance of a provost, four
regents, and eight poor scholars or bursars, at an
expense of about £10,000. He built a ship, which
was afterwards known by the name of the Bishops
Barge, at a similar cost; and his tomb is said to have
been equally expensive with the two former. In
1444 he was appointed chancellor of the kingdom,
but this office he resigned a few weeks afterwards,
as he found that it interfered with those projects for
doing good in his clerical capacity, which he had
resolved to follow out from the beginning of his
career. He was, by his own desire, interred in
the collegiate church of St. Andrews, where his
tomb is still shown, along with several silver maces
which were found in it some years ago.
KENNEDY, GENERAL SIR JAMES SHAW, K.C.B.
This gallant soldier and skilful military tactician
was born in 1788. His name was originally James
Shaw, that of Kennedy being added at a subsequent
period. After being educated at the Royal Military
College, he entered the army at Hythe as ensign in
the 43d regiment, went through the course of drill
and discipline put into practice by Sir John Moore,
and was present at the siege of Copenhagen and
battle of Kioge in 1807. Under that distinguished
commander, also, he accompanied the 43d in 1808
in the advance from Corunna to Sahagun; and during
the retreat and afterwards, was attacked by violent
fever, followed by long illness, from which he never
fully recovered.
In 1809 James Shaw accompanied the 43d to
Lisbon, and was present with his regiment at the
battle of Talavera. It was on this occasion that the
43d, 52d, and 95th regiments, under General Robert
Crawford, reached the British camp, after performing
the incredible march of sixty-two English miles in
twenty-six hours, in the hottest season of the year,
and although each soldier carried from fifty to sixty
pounds weight of arms and luggage. At Talavera
Shaw became adjutant of his regiment, and at Campo-
Mayor he was appointed aide-de-camp to Major-
general Robert Crawford. Under this daring and
impetuous commander, to whom danger seemed the
main charm of a military life, Shaw was present in
the numerous affairs that took place on the Agueda
and around Ciudad-Rodrigo, and took part in that
most interesting charge of cavalry which occurred
near to Villa del Puerco. On this occasion a square
of French infantry, consisting of about 200 men com-
manded by Captain Gouache, had formed in such a