670 PiTfENWEEM.
burgh; draw on London office, 37 Nicholas
lane E C, Bank of England E C, Glyn,
Mills & Co. E C, Coutts & Co. WC &
Union Bank of London Limited E C, &
Smiths Bank Limited, London
Nicolson David, blacksmith & golf cleek
maker, James street
Oswald Robert M. tailor & clothier & sani-
tary inspector, registrar of births, deaths
& marriages for the parish of Pitten-
wecni, Marygate
Oswald Walt, boot & 6hoe ma. 7 Charles st
Peat Eonald, greengrocer, 17 High street
Peattie Thomas, baker, 31 High street
Peebles Thomas, blacksmith & golf cleek
maker, James street
Penman Charles, Station hotel
Pirie ltobert Johnson L.R.C.P.& S.Edin.,
L.F.P. & S.G-las. surgeon, Murray tieid
FIFESHIKE.
Rodger Mary & Isabella (Misses), dress
makers. Charles street
Smith Mary (Mrs.), baby linen dealer, 14
James street
Spence Mary. (Mrs.), grocer & hardware
dealer, Margate
Swinton Marg&ret(Miss), dress ma.Charles st
Thomson Aenes (Miss),confctnr.23 High st
Thomson James, butcher, High street
Tod Andrew, baker, 9 JameB street
Tod Andrew, baker, Shore
Tosh Archibald T. groeer, spirit & hardware
dealer, ID High street
Urguhart ltobert, spirit dealer, South loan
Welch George & John, coopers & fish
curers, Welch row
Welch George & David, coopers & fish
curers, Welch row
Westwood Wm. boot & shoe maker, High st
[slater's
Westwood William, jun. plumber, High st
Williamson Thomas & Son, plasterers, Con-
crete villa
Wood John, grocer, Shore
Wood William, spirit dealer, Shore
Young John N. grocer, spirit dealer, iron-
monger, ship chandler, inspector of poor
& clerk & treasurer to parish council, 14
East Shore
FARMERS.
Black Andrew, Kirklateh
Bruce William
Chalmers John
Finlayson James, Coal farm
Peat James
RATHIL1.ET, see Kilmant.
ST. ANDREWS is a seaport and ancient
city, royal burgh and university, in the
parish of St. Andrew and St. Leonard,
which extends 9 miles along the shore of
its bay, and is from 1 to 3 miles in depth,
bounded on the south by the parishes of
Dunino, Cameron, Ceres and Kemback,
on tho east by Kingsbarns and en the
west by Leuchars. The town has a sta-
tion on the Thornton, Anstruther and St.
Andrews section of the North British rail-
way, which here forma a junction with the
section running via LeucharB to the Tay
bridge and the north, and is 39 miles
north-east from Edinburgh, 10 east by
north from Cupar and 10 north-west from
Crail. St. Andrews was created a free
(royal) burgh, by virtue of a charter con-
ferred by David I., and confirmed by Mal-
colm IV. ; this latter charter, together
with the silver keys of the city, and the
axe used for the decapitation of Sir Robert
Spottiswoode and some other royalists, in
1646, are still to be seen in the Town
Hall. The city is governed by a provost, a
dean of guild "and two bailies, twelve coun-
cillors and a treasurer, and is the head
of a small debts court district. The burgh
unites with Cupar, the Anstruthers, Kil-
renny, Pittenweem and Crail in sending
one member to the Imperial Parliament.
There are three principal streets; North
street, which contains some fine buildinga,
including those of the United College ; Mar-
ket street, which runs through the middle
of the town; and South Btreet, a spacious
thoroughfare lined with trees, extending
from the old west port to the ruins of the
ancient cathedral. From the tower of the
church of Sa, Regulus, a structure of the
early 12th century, 109 feet in height,
there is a beautiful view of the Bell rock,
the bay, the city and the surrounding coun-
try. The nain» of the once formidable
castle, the scene of Cardinal Beaton' s
cruelty to others, and of his own assassina-
tion in 1546, lie towards the north-east and
jut out into the sea. On the shore to the
westward is a small eminence called the
Witch Hill, the place where those convicted
of witchcraft suffered. Near this spot ib a
monument raised in 1842 to the memory of
the martyrs, Wishart, Mill and others. It is
in the form of an obelisk, and is 30 feet in
height. The ruins of the Blackfriars Con-
vent stand by the Madras college. St.
Andrews at one time had an extensive
foreign trade. The harbour is not large,
and is very difficult of access, but safe
for anchorage ; its most dangerous
wind is from the north-east. The
export traffio is chiefly in potatoes
and grain, and the import in coals,
pavement &c. There are branches here of
the Commercial Bank of Scotland Limited,
the Ciydesdale Bank Limited, the Royal
Bank of Scotland, and the Bank of Scot-
land. Golf, one of the national games of
Scotland, has its stronghold in St. Andrews,
the Boval and Ancient Golf Club having
been established in 1754 ; the King is
patron, and it numbers upwards of 1,000
members ; two great meetings are held
annually. The principal hotels are the
Grand "and Rusack's Marine, facing the
sea, the Royal in South street, and the
Golf, Alexandra and Imperial and the
Cross Keys in Market street. The Memo-
rial Cottage Hospital for medical and sur-
gical cases, in Abbey Park, is supported
by voluntary contributions ; hon. sec. and
treasurer, R, H. Littlejohn ; medical
officers, J. W. Moir M.D. and W. B.
MacTier M.B. The hospital in Argyle
street, the gift of the late William Gibson,
for aged and infirm persons, was erected
at a cost of £4,000, and opened in
ST. ANDREWS.
January, 1884. There are four public halls,
viz., the Town Hall, in South street; the
City Hall, in Church square; the Good
Templar Hall, North street and the Rifle
Volunteers' Hall, in City road, the
last-named and the Town Hall being large
structures, suitable for entertainments and
public meetings. This hall is the head-
quarters of the 6th (Fifeshire) Volunteer
Battalion, Black Watch (Royal Highlan-
ders), and of E Co. of the battalion. St.
Andrews is also the headquarters of a
Squadron of the Fifeshire and Forfarshire
Imperial Yeomanry, and the 1st Fifeshire
Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers).
The legendary history of this see ascribes
its foundation to the translation hither of
the relics of St. Andrew, by the hands of
Regulus, a monk of Achaia, who, about
A.D. 370, is said to have been miraculously
guided to this spot, but its actual establish-
ment is with much greater probability at-
tributed to Acca, bishop of Hexham, A.D.
709-39, who settled here as a refugee from
his own diocese, then ravaged by the Danes.
The cathedral of St. Andrew, now a com-
plete ruin, was connected with the ancient
Culdean monastery once existing here,
and with the later Augustinian priory,
founded in the 12th century. It was begun
in 1160, and consisted of a nave of twelve
bay*, transepts with eastern aisles, choir
of she bay* with aisles, eastern lady chapel
and a central tower, 108 feet high; the
total length of the church being 377 feet;
the monastic building adjoined on the south
side. Of the original Norman work there
remains the east end of the lady chapel
with its flanking turret®, the bases of some
of the piers' in the choir, the west and south
walls of the south transept, and part of the
south wall of the nave, the rest of which and
what remains of the west front date from
the period 1271-9; beyond these portions
scarcely anything now exists. Of the priory,
nothing is left save the south wall of the
chapter house, its vestibule, and some wal-
ling adjacent; the cloister garth was 132
feet square, with an alley on each side ;
the precincts were enclosed by the existing
wall, built 1522-36, and continued along the
south-east side of the town ; this fine work,
reared by Prior Hepburn, includes 14 round
or square towers, each with an external
niche, and once had a corbelled battle-
mented parapet. The destruction of- the
cathedral and the priory has been attributed
to the fanatic violence of Knox and his ad-
herents, but recent examinations of the
site have suggested that ite collapse was
really due to the inherent weakness of its
construction; in or about 1887 the plan of
the cathedral was* discovered by excavation,
and is- now marked out on the turf. The
see of St. Andrews was raised to the dig-
nity of an archbishopric in 1466, Patrick
Graham, then bishop of Brechin, being ap-
pointed the first archbishop. After the
Revolution of 1688 the see was abolished,
but was revived in 1844, in place of the
intermediate see of Fife, which existed
from 1726 to 1844, and it now includes 1 also
Dunkeld and Dunblane.
The Established church of the Holy
Trinity, in South street, was originally
built by Bishop Turgot, in 1112, the pre-
sent structure, erected in 1800 upon the
foundation* of the old church, is about 150
feet long by 60 wide, and contains a superb
monummt t.i Archbishop Sharp, erected
by his son in 1679 ; it is of white marble,
and includes a kneeling figure of the pre-
late, and below, in relief, is a carved repre-
sentation of hiB assassination by the Cove-
nanting faction, 3 May, 1697. Besides the
two parish churches there is a chapel of
ease to Holy Trinity, Episcopal and "United
Free churches, and Baptist, Independent
and Roman Catholic chapels, and at the
end of South street are the ruins of the
ancient cathedral and the priory.
The market is held on Monday, and the
fairs (for hiring) on the second Tuesday
in August and the first Monday after the
10th of November. The area of the parish
comprise* 12,570 acres; value of landward,
£22,166; area of burgh, 851 acres; value,
£58,157; the population of the civil parish
of St. Andrews and St. Leonards in 190L
was 9,410, and out of these the royal and
parliamentary burgh contained 7,621. The
population of the ecclesiastical parishes in
1901 was, St. Andrews, 3,261 and St.
Leonards, 4,243. The population of the
municipal wards in 1901 was: first, 2,404;
second, 3,112; third, 2,105; total, 7,621.
The number of electors on the parlia-
mentarv register in 1903 waB, St. Andrews
burgh, '1,093, and of the district, 3,162.
Denhead. a small village, is partly in
this parish and that of Cameron; for
names, see Cameron. Boarhills and Guard-
bridge are also small villages, distant about
4 miles from, and partly in the parish of,
St. Andrews.
UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS.
The University, which is the oldest in
Scotland, waa first founded in 1410 by
Bishop Wardlaw, and in 1411 obtained a
charter and endowments 1 , soon after which,
Benedict XTII. issued a papal bull in its
favour.
The original colleges were St. Salvator.
founded 1450; St. Leonards-, founded 1512
and St. Mary's in 1537; of these, St Sal-
vator and St. Leonards were united into
one college in 1747, by Aot of Parliament,
and in 1890, Dundee college was affiliated
to the University.
The United college occupies comparative-
ly new buildings 1 , and has a principal, with
professors of Greek, logic, natural philo-
sophy, moral philosophy, humanity, mathe-
matics, natural history, anatomy, English
literature, and education. The college of
St. Mary consists of a principal and pro-
fessors of divinity, biblical criticism, church
history and Oriental languages.
The University Library, which contains
115,000 volumes, was founded in 1610, and
occupies a building which has occasionally
been used for sittings of the Scotch Par-
liament; of the old buildings of St. Sal-
vator only the chapel and steeple remain,
andi of St. Leonards only the ruins of the
chapel.
Member of Parliament for the University,
Sir John Batty Tuke, M.D., F.R.C.P.
Edin., F.R.S.Scot., 20 Charlotte square,
Edinburgh; Balgreen, Gorgie, Edinburgh ;
& Saville club W & Royal Societies' club
SW, London
Chancellor, Rt. Hon. Lord Balfour of Bur-
leigh K.T., LL.D
Vice -Chancellor & Senior Principal, James
Donaldson M.A., LL.D
Rector, Andrew Carnegie LL.D
Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Professor
Alex. Lawson M.A., B.D
Librarian, J. Maitland Anderson
Secretary & Registrar, Andrew Bennett
Legal Adviser, Henry Cook W.S.Edinburgh
Factor, WiUiam Wilkie
UNITED COLLEGE OF ST. SALVATOB
& ST. LEONARDS.
Principal, James Donaldson M.A., LL.D
Professors.
Humanitv, Wallace Martin Lindsay M.A.,
LL.D