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garden sardars responsible for losses connected with the
coolie, thus almost necessitating the attempt on the part of
the sardar to recoup himself as far as possible indirectly,
or directly from the coolies he controls.
(c) The lack of compulsory registration of vital occurences re-
sulting in a general want of knowledge regarding the actual
amount of sickness and mortality in the Duars.
(d) The absence of any arrangement for the " protection of the
coolie " especially new-comers, particularly in relation to-
(a) Arrangements to ensure drawing of subsistence allow-
ance when sick.
(b) Arrangements for adequate treatment when sick.
(c) Arrangements to ensure a due proportion between pay
and prices of food.
(d) Absence of all sanitary precautions or efforts to prevent
the bad effects necessarily the outcome of uncontrolled
aggregation.
(6) These defects work chiefly by entailing-
(1) An inadequate dietary in the case of new coolies leading to
the vicious cycle of-inadequate diet-physiological po-
verty-increased liability to sickness especially to malaria-
less wages earned-increased hardship and privation with
still less adequate diet, and so on.
(2) Hardship due to inability to provide themselves with many
things which, if not absolutely necessary to life, are at least
essential for physiological well-being, e.g., good housing
sufficient clothing and other comforts.
(3) Sickness entailing the introduction of a train of vicious-
cycles ending in the deterioration of labour and the frequent
partial or complete loss of the labourer as an active
worker.
(4) Difficulty so induced in working a garden with such labour
leading to the existence of large coolie populations only a
portion of whom actually work with any regularity, and the
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