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vectors of human malaria had been conclusively implicated and had
attracted the attention of a number of workers, like Austin, Theobald and
Giles in England and James and Liston in India. The latter two took
up the study of Anopheline mosquitoes in India and wrote their classic
book in 1904, dealing with the Indian Anophelines recorded up to that
time. This was the first book of its kind giving systematic descriptions
of the different species of all the Indian Anopheline mosquitoes, both
adults and larvae. Theobald and Giles described some of the Indian
species in their well known treatises dealing with the Culicidae of the
world.

   2. Since his first visit to India in 1901, Christophers has played a very
important part in the study of the Indian Anopheline mosquitoes. From
the commencement of his service in India he took up the study of the
life-history, bionomics and anatomy of the different species of Anopheline
mosquitoes and for nearly thirty years he carried out exhaustive research
on varied problems connected with them. He published a number of
memoirs dealing with the structure and systematic position of these
insects and contributed a large number of papers on this subject first to
"Paludism" and subsequently to the Indian journal of Medical Research.
Towards the end of his service in India he published the first part of the
Culicidae volume of the "Fauna of British India", which will remain as
a reference book for the Indian Anopheline mosquitoes for many years to
come. He also worked on the anatomy and histology of ticks and early
in his career in India published three memoirs dealing with them.

   3. Besides his own work he was instrumental in starting a taxonomic
study of the Culicine mosquitoes of India by Capt. P. J. Barraud, who
made a complete revision of the Indian Culicines, describing a number of
new species. Capt. Barraud finally wrote the second part of the Culicidae
volume of the "Fauna of British India".

   4. At the suggestion of Col. S. R. Christophers an inquiry on the
larvae of the Indian Anopheline mosquitoes was started under Dr. Puri,
who made a thorough study of the larvae of all the species occurring in
India, publishing the result of his researches in the form of a memoir
dealing with the inter-relationship and the structure of all the species of
Anopheline mosquitoes occurring in India.

   5. A number of workers, like Senior White, Strickland and Iyengar,
have also been engaged in research on the bionomics and structure of the
Indian Anophelines in Bengal, making an intensive study of Eastern
species. They have all made very valuable contributions to our knowledge
of these insects.

   6. Side by side with malaria the transmission of a number of other
tropical diseases had been attracting the attention of other workers in
India. Though very little taxonomic work has been done on fleas in
India, experiments on the transmission of plague by different species of
fleas have been conducted at Bombay by various workers like Liston,
Lamb, Kundhart, Taylor and Chitre, who have contributed a number of
interesting papers on the subject.