60

Scientific Memoirs by

        Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) IX, 1892, p, 417, and X, 1892, p. 1 (Trygon,
Pteroplatæa ).

        H. C. Redeke, Onderzoekingen betreffende het urogenital system der Selachiers
en Holocephalen, Amsterdam, 1898 (with an exhaustive bibliography).

III.—On the Sounds made by certain Marine Animals.

      Many species of fishes and several species of Crustacea have long been
known to possess the power of emitting purposive sounds of a more or less
musical character; and when serving on the " Investigator " I had several oppor-
tunities of hearing these sounds and, in some cases, of noting the conditions
under which they were elicited.

1. Sounds made by Crustacea.

      Although organs which are inferred to be used for strepitation have been
noticed in many of the higher Crustacea, the literature dealing with their ascer-
tained function seems to be very scanty.

      Ortmann, in Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, Vol. V. pt.
ii (Arthropoda ), pp. 1245-9, gives a not quite complete summary of the subject,
and mentions among Crustacea known to emit intentional sounds, several species
of Alpheus, Pontonia pinnœ, the Palinuridœ, Matuta victor, Ozius edwardsi,
and most species of Ocypoda.

      Dana (United States Exploring Expedition, Crustacea, pt. I, p. 322) briefly
describes the stridulating apparatus of the Ocypode crabs and merely mentions
that these crabs are able to make sounds.

      Möbius (Wiegmann's Archiv für Naturgeschichte, XXXIII, 1867, i, p. 73)
describes the sound made by an European species of Palinurus and the mechan-
ism by which the sound is produced.

      Kingsley (American Naturalist, XXII, 1888, p. 893) states that the Ocypod-
oid crab Gelasimus can make a musical noise.

      Hilgendorf (Sitzungsberichte der Ges. Naturforsch Freunde, Berlin, XXI,
1868, p. 2) mentions the fact that the swimming-crab Matula can crepitate.

      I have myself (Admin. Rep. Marine Survey India, 1892, p. 16) discussed
the sounds made by one of the Ocypode crabs, and the circumstances under
which it was heard.

      Captain A. R. S. Anderson (Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1894, pt. 2, p. 138)
has published a short note on the stridulation of another species of Ocypode
crabs.

      Coutière (Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zool., ser. 8, Vol. IX, 1899)
discusses at some length the sounds made by Alpheus. Herrick also (John