3

clear that the nightsoil must have been passed in the inhabited area, as indeed
there was ample evidence, and this practice is a source of great danger and should
be instantly stopped.

       10. The urgent necessity for the erection of several new public latrines
and urinals must, I think, be apparent. These however should not be of a
similar pattern or construction to those I have described, but they might be
after a form recently introduced by Mr. Arthur Crawford, the Collector of
Ratnágiri, which ensures the removal of all filth. It may be useful to state what
amount. of nightsoil is produced during each day in the Sudder bazar. It is
usual to assume that 2.5 ozs. of solid matter are passed, and 40 ozs. of urine
are voided per head of population per diem, so that there would be.31 or rather
more than a quarter of a ton of solid matter and 5 tons of urine produced
every day. This calculation does not include the ablution water. A tank-cart,
Bombay pattern, holds about a ton, so that the removal of all the nightsoil, &c.,
from the bazaar would require at least about 6 or 7 carts the expense of mainte-
nance of which would probably be prohibitive with the present income at the
disposal of the Cantonment Committee.

       11. All the roads are said to be unmade, but they appear in good order and
their surface was clean and they are stated to be nearly four miles in length; on
each side of the roadway is a gutter which is supposed to carry off the storm-water
into the Bogarvis Nullah, but as they are covered over with slabs of stone so as
to form entrances to shops and houses, and as it was found on lifting them up
that they were invariably choked and blocked.with filth of all kinds, it is clear
that they do not answer the purpose for which they were constructed. The stone
slabs should be at once removed and the gutters excavated, and U shaped.
gutters should be provided in their stead, and no square drains should be allowed
nor should the rubble walls of houses form one side of the gutter, as the water
soaks into the walls and makes the surface of the floors damp.

       12. The following return shows the number of animals kept in the bazar:—

There are no proper stables for housing these animals. A milch buffaloe stable
opposite the Roman Catholic Church contained about 30 head of cattle which
are kept inside the houses of the owners. The open space at the back was very
dirty at the time of my visit, but was said to be then cleaner than it is usually
kept. The state of the rooms which the cattle occupy is very bad. Heaps of
cowdung and pools of urine were seen lying on the floors from which there is no
drain, and the state of the air breathed by the inhabitants as well as by the cattle
was loaded with ammonia and intolerably offensive; if possible the condition of a
house in the middle of the bazar was even worse, though there, I think, only one
buffaloe was kept. Ponies and donkies are tied in the verandahs of houses and
the donkies are tethered by permission during the day along side the public
street. This objectionable practice should be at once stopped and proper stables
outside the bazar should be erected.

       13.There is a market for the sale of beef and another for mutton which
were clean and well kept. The vegetable market opposite the Cháwadi was also
clean and appeared to be plentifully supplied with vegetables of all kinds.