12

would render its adoption more difficult when the time came to put it into exe-
cution. It may be useful to state what is the cost of glazed stoneware pipes
per running foot of the following dimensions as laid down in Bombay:—

   43. In the meantime the best course to adopt is to try and introduce the
punch system and induce the owners of a certain number of houses to erect
privies for their common use. If this cannot be done, there is no help for it but
either to close the existing privies and make the inhabitants go to public
latrines or to make them build properly constructed privies every man in his own
compound. I do not like the latter plan, as there are no sweeper's gullies in
Belgaum, and the supervision will be difficult; if however it is done, sweepers'
gullies must of necessity be made. The best form of Native privies that I know
is one introduced by Mr. Arthur Crawford at Alibág, as it consists of iron foot-rests
with a corrugated iron spout, below which an iron vessel stands, into which all
offensive, matter is received. In either case the Municipal Commissioners should
at once impose a Halalkor Cess. I am informed that there are at present only
a very few bhunghis in Belgaum; but I am sure no difficulty would be experi-
enced in getting as many as are required from Bombay or Poona.

   44. The next point is to improve the surface conservancy. How is it
possible for 17 road sweepers and 9 carts to remove the "cutchra" in a town of
nearly 27,000 inhabitants, especially as the carts are small. The establishment
must be largely increased both as regards the number of men and carts. I should
advise, as regards the latter, one of the scavenging tilt carts be obtained from
Bombay as a pattern. During my visits through the town I was much struck
with the evidence of an utter absence of any systematic inspection. The art of
cleaning a town requires system, and the true keystone to successful practical
sanitation lies in division of the inhabited area into sections and placing over each
section a responsible head who should be answerable for the removal of all
"cutchra" and night-soil from it, and who should see as regards the houses
themselves that the sanitary provisions of the Act were carried out.

   45. There are now 4 wards in the town. Let each be divided into 4 sec-
tions, and over each section place a mukadum, and give him a cart and two
coolies. His work should be inspected by a sub-inspector in charge of the ward,
whilst an inspector of nuisances should be in charge of the whole establishment
and see that the sub-inspectors do their duty. In this way it would be possible
to fix responsibility and attach blame to the right person. If the above is carried
out the establishment would consist of—

                    1 Inspector,

                    4 Sub-inspectors,

                    16 Mukadums,

                    32 Coolies,

                    16 Carts,

which ought to be sufficient to keep the town clean. The duties of the muka-
dums and sub-inspectors would not be confined only to the superintendence
of the "cutchra" removal, but they would have to inspect the work of the bhun-
ghis in the privies and to bring to notice infringements against the Act.

   46. The number of bhunghis required will depend upon the system adopted.
If punch privies are built, one man ought to be able to clean 30 privies. There
are 4,388 houses, and supposing there were two privies (for males and females)
to every 10 houses, there would be 876 privies, which 30 men would be able