PNEUMONIA.                               227

                                         OR

          Twice daily.

Embrocation should be rubbed into the chest.
Bamboo leaves are very often given to animals suffering from
cough.

                            PNEUMONIA.

Inflammation of the lungs.—Elephants like other animals are
subject to this disease but it is not often diagnosed. In the elephant
the lungs are lightly lobulated ; there are only two large bronchial
tubes ; the substance of the lung is plentiful. When healthy, on
section they are soft under the knife. In elephants inflammation
may exist and not excite suspicion owing to the lack of the more
prominent symptoms seen in other animals, and death may result
without much warning.

Causes.—Chills from exposure to cold winds and wet ; over-
exertion.

Symptoms.—Temperature generally high and lasting some few
days ; there may be shivering at the beginning. The pulse is
quickened, the breathing hurried and the chest is found to move
little or not at all during respiration, but the belly moves unusually
during the act. The animal rarely lies down, is very dull, dis-
inclined to move about though there is marked restlessness and
often prostration. Gilchrist states an animal "frequently opens its
mouth and coughs several times in an hour." Pneumonic cough is
generally short and painful, and there is usually a slight yellowish
discharge from the trunk ; yawning is a frequent symptom. The
mucous membranes are highly reddened. The appetite is almost
lost ; there may be considerable thirst. The bowels are constipated
and the surface temperature may vary. The disease reaches its
height in a few days and death may take place from suffocation.
If the animal survives, the lungs gradually recover their normal
condition and function. Recovery may be quite complete within
three weeks. In some cases, such as in old and feeble animals, the
condition may become chronic. In these cases the animals with
careful nursing recover, or death may occur in six or eight weeks.

At times the inflammation is so severe that the diseased parts
may mortify and death is the usual result. This untoward event