DIAGNOSIS OF " REDWATER" (PIROPLASMOSIS)                     299

no means be depended upon as a sure indication of the disease and, further, the
apparatus for blood counting is not generally available for use in the field.

                                  II. POST-MORTEM DIAGNOSIS.

1. By the character of the blood.—The blood in the carcase of a bovine animal
dead of redwater is often found to be of thin and watery consistency and the tissues
become stained by it owing to hæmolysis, but the latter character is generally not
present in Indian cattle, except only in the very acute primary affections of adults
already mentioned.

2. By splenic enlargement.—An enlargement of the spleen, with other naked-
eye changes in this organ, is regarded as a very characteristic feature of this disease,
and it is found to occur in a considerable proportion of animals dead of acute and
severe piroplasmosis. The surface blood vessels are injected and petechial marks
are found on the surface. The pulp is dark and jam-like in appearance and the
trabeculæ and Malpighian corpuscles are indistinct. However, cases often occur
in India where no splenic enlargement is present, although blood smears may show
a heavy infection with piroplasms. Further, the diagnostic indication afforded by
splenic enlargement cannot be regarded as specific to the disease, since it occurs
also in other diseases of cattle, notably, hæmorrhagic septicæmia and anthrax.

3. By the appearance of the liver.—In acute cases, the liver is often found to be
enlarged, friable and highly congested. It appears as if it has been partly cooked
in boiling water. Often, it is found to be icteric also. But cases are not un-
commonly met with where there are no appreciable alterations in the naked-eye
appearances of this organ.

4. By the character of the bile.—The bile is thick, dark, opaque and almost
semi-solid in consistence. This, however, is not of constant occurrence.

5. By the appearance of the heart.—The pericardial sac contains an excess of
effusion which is of a sero-sanguineous nature. Petechial marks are often seen
on the epicardium and endocardium, more especially in the left ventricle. These
lesions are, however, not always found in the disease.

6. By the characcontents in theter of the 'intestinal contents.--In about fifty per cent. of animals
dead of piroplasmosis at Muktesar, the intestinal contents in the cæcum, colon and
rectum have been noticed to be slightly tinged red with hæmoglobin.

7. By a constant and peculiar lesion in the kidneys which has not been previously
described.—On opening the abdominal cavity of an animal dead of piroplasmosis,
one's attention is drawn to a peculiar appearance presented by the kidneys: with