222 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, III.

and Burke [ 1884 ] found Bursati horses showing lung lesions, and Hodgkins [ 1910 ]
describes a case of lung affection in which the organ in stated to have been the
subject of an intensive Bursati invasion, being crammed with nodules of varying
sizes, and the pleura covered with whitish yellow patches beneath which were
pieces of kunkur ranging in size from a hazel nut to a pin's head. These appear
to be the only recorded cases in India which may be considered as cases of pul-
monary habronemiasis in addition to the following. From a severe case of Bursati,
mule No. 738 of the L. A. T. T. Coy., Lahore Cantt., destroyed on humane grounds,
a specimen of lung showing kunkurs, portions of skin lesions, and a sample of
worms, collected from the stomach, were obtained through the kindness of Major
V. C. Leckie, R.A.V.C. Histological examination of the skin and the lung revealed
the presence of actual habronema larvae and the typical lesions in both the organs.
This Bursati case is of considerable interest, as it is the first definite case of so-called
internal Bursati and pulmonary habronemiasis to be proved in this country. It
should be noted in passing that the stomach worms collected from this case were
identified as Habronema muscae.

Lingard is the only worker in India, who has described calcareous nodules on
the membrana nictitans, and further he has furnished a picture of the same, which
bears some resemblance to the conjunctival lesions described by the Australian
workers, Lewis and Seddon [ 1918 ]. When bursati lesions occur on the limbs,
they present a circular contour of variable diameter with an even raised margin.
The sores present irregularly elevated granulations, and on the slightest manipula-
tion, they bleed readily. The slow inflammatory processes progress by contiguity
of tissue, often receding in one place and advancing in another. There may be a
thin, brownish scab formation or a blood-streaked serum may be discharged. Pus
formation is seen but rarely, and that after secondary infection. When healing
takes place, which process is very slow, the superficial skin becomes thickened,
depigmented and shows sparse hair growth. The experience of the present writer,
which he has confirmed histologically, shows that the organised or partly organised
lesions persist under the apparently wholly cicatrised wound and show considerable
predisposition to attacks in the following year, and this is in conformity with the
experience of "Max " [ 1876 ]. Lesions in fresh and also very distant sites occur
quite frequently in an affected subject. The lesions below the eye follow very
ciosely the tract that lachrymal secretion or tears keep moist, and present an elon-
gated, excoriated form with irregular edges and multiple surface erosions. Due to
structural peculiarities of the prepuce, the lesions there show a marked tendency
towards extension and calcification and the individual kunkurs are generally of a
large size. Paraphymosis is often met with as a complication in stallions.