SCHISTOSOMA SPINDALIS, MONTGOMERY, 1906 & SCHISTOSOMA NASALIS, N. SP.     13

mucous membrane and another calf No. 459 was infected by drenching alone. In
these two calves, the former showed plenty of ova in its dysenteric motions on the
46th day after the first date of infection and the latter showed a few ova on the
76th day. This experiment also indicates that the calf drenched with cercariae took
a longer time to show the infection. It would appear from this that calves infected
by drenching get a less intensive infection than those infected through a mucous
membrane. It suggests, therefore, that the cercariae poured into the rumen get.
mixed up with the ingesta and most of them die there and only a few that come
in close contact with the mucous membrane burrow through and get the chance to
complete their development. Fairley and Jesudasan [ 1930 ] infected two goats
by applying cercariae of S. spindalis to the tongue and mucous membrane of the
mouth, while in another goat they poured the cercariae into the rumen through
a stomach tube. They found, on post-mortem examination, a larger number of
schistosomes in the goats infected through the mucous membrane, than in the one
infected through the stomach. The authors themselves appear to be doubtful about
the cercarial invasion, in situ, in the rumen and say that only those cercariae that
happened to be regurgitated into the gullet and the mouth apparently completed
their development into adults. The findings of the author in his experimental
calves confirm this.

Therefore in nature, cattle, unlike buffaloes, apparently get infected through
the mucous membrane of the mouth and gullet and possibly through the skin of
the legs when they drink or wade through cercarial infected water. Presuming that
the natural infection is by ingestion, it would appear that continued infection daily
over a considerable period is required, to produce such a degree of infection as could
be detected clinically.

EARLY SYMPTOMS IN EXPERIMENTAL CALVES INFECTED WITH CERCARIAE
                                            INDICAE XXX.

The first symptom seen in these calves was a redness of the nasal mucous
membrane, coryza and sneezing. These symptoms appeared in exactly six weeks
after infection. About ten days later the mucous discharge increased and simul-
taneously the mucous membrane became oedematous, which caused the narrowness
of the nasal calibre, giving rise to a peculiar blowing sound during respiration.
About eleven weeks after infection, there appeared on the oedematous mucous mem-
brane, raised patches studded over with tiny abscesses shotty to the touch. The
contents of these abscesses showed typical ova of nasal Schistosomes. At this stage
the nasal discharge became thickened and appeared more or less mucopurulent and
later became rusty and showed streaks of blood. One interesting feature observed
in calf No. 411 was a relief in symptoms of distressed breathing periodically. The