SCHISTOSOMA SPINDALIS, MONTGOMERY, 1906 & SCHISTOSOMA NASALIS, N. SP.     19

phlebitis. It was also seen that many of the ova in the liver and the intestines
had " actino-bodies" on them. (P1. IV, figs. 1 & 2.) The thickness of the
" actino-body " and the number of ova that showed it appeared to be less than
that found in nasal schistosomiasis. The pathological changes brought about in
these organs seem to justify the belief that S. spindalis is likely to undermine
the health of the animal. There is reason to believe that some cattle die of portal
and intestinal bilharziasis and apparently the disease is not recognised as such.
It is contemplated to deal with this question in another paper.

It is interesting to note that the sections of lungs from these two calves
infected with S. spindalis did not reveal any schistosomes or their ova in the blood
vessels, though a small quantity of bilharzial pigment was seen distributed here
and there in the capillaries. A fairly large amount of pigment was seen particularly
in the liver along the course of the sinusoids.

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE SCHISTOSOMES COLLECTED FROM ANIMALS
                                        IN THE ABATTOIRS.

The author had opportunities of studying schistosomes collected from sheep
in Bellary and Anantapur Districts where he found mostly S. indicum and in a few
cases S. spindalis as well. In Anantapur District he noted deaths in sheep due
to diarrhœa, and in the faeces of these animals ova of these schistosomes were
often found, showing that both species lived in the same animal.

During December 1932 over 112 bovines and 170 sheep and goats were
examined for schistosomes in the Abattoir at Madras. None of the animals
examined had nasal granuloma, and from 4 bovines and one sheep over 500
schistosomes were collected. In the collection from the portal veins it was found
that the proportion of males to females was 16 :1. In one bovine and one sheep
both S. indicum and S. spindalis were found, and the identification of these was
made by noting the shape of the ova in the available pairs with females having ova
in utero. In this collection none of the parasites had the characteristically large
tuberculations found in the nasal schistosome, nor did any females show ova
typical of that species. The male S. spindalis appeared to possess smooth or
slightly roughened cuticle and the male S. indicum showed only moderately
developed tubercles.

Fairley and Mackie [1930], found that the sexes of all the worms collected by
them, from eleven experimental goats, showed that the males were more than twice
as numerous as the females. The findings of the present writer are in agreement
with their observations.

        THE HABITAT OF S. SPINVDLIS AND THE NASAL SCHISTOSOME.

Montgomery [1906], Liston and Soparkar [1918], Fairley and Mackie [1930]
and the author have found that S. spindalis inhabits the portal and mesenteric