G. D. BHALERAO                                 151

spindalis var. nasalis. Rao went a step further and regards the nasal schisto-
some as a new species S. nasalis. It may be remarked here that the writers
in the west such as Möning and Pillers uphold Bhalerao's view in this con-
nection. One of the contentions in this respect is that it has been alleged
that the nasal schistosome has been confined to the nasal area, but our recent
knowledge on the subject does not substantiate this statement. A case from
Assam revealed a typical Napoleon's hat-shaped ovum in a section of the in-
testine of a bull. Two more cases have been reported to the writer by a re-
liable worker in which the characteristic ova were found in the faeces of the
infected animals.

Researches of Rao and Sewell have shown that the intermediate hosts
of this nasal parasite have been Limnaea luteloa, L. acuminata and Indopla-
norbis exustus. Two important larval stages of this parasite, viz., miracidia
and cercaria have been described by Rao and the disease has been artificially
produced by him in cattle. The disease is also known to occur, although
very rarely in buffaloes and goats.

Datta [1933] published a paper describing the nodular portal cirrhosis
in enlarged liver of horses in India, causing persistent debility and heavy
mortality as due to ova of S. indicum. He published a report of eight cases,
described the morbid anatomy of the various organs of the horse and dis-
cussed the methods of diagnosis and control of the disease.

There exists in India a disease of equines, known locally as kumri, which
resembles to a large extent the better known-condition of equine paraplegia.
Malkani in 1933 reported the occurrence of Schistosoma indicium worms from
the liver and portal vessels of two kumri ponies at Patna. He obtained en-
couraging results by treating the kumri ponies with sodium antimony tar-
trate. On the basis of these two facts S. indicum has been looked upon by
some as causing kumri in horses. This fact, however, requires corroboration
before it can finally be accepted, for cases are known to the writer in which
schistosomes were found but the animals did not show any symptoms of
kumri.

Besides the animals referred to previously, camels also are infected with
S. indicum. Record of this infection has been made by Leese [191 1] who
obtained the worms from the mesenteric veins of a camel in the Punjab.

Next in importance to the infection of domestic ruminants and equines
with schistosomes comes the infection of pigs with these worms. Sewell
[1919] recorded the occurrence of a cercaria resembling that of S. japonicum
in Indoplanorbis exustus and Limnaea amygdalum in Calcutta. Bhalerao
[1934] described male worms from the intestine of pigs in Calcutta which he
regarded as a variety of S. japonicum, but since he is against the principle
of the multiplicity of new variety names he preferred to designate the worms
from the pigs in Calcutta as S. japonicum. The main difference between this