ABSTRACTS 337
6. Holding periods of 60 minutes at the above pas-
teurization temperatures were not effective in changing
the viscosity or whey separation of cultured skim milk,
when compared with holding periods of 30 minutes.
7. Addition of pancreatic enzymes at a concentration
of .1/15,000 lowered the viscosity of the cultured skim
milk without increasing the possibility of whey separa-
tion. But when the enzyme was added to whole milk,
prior to separation, there was greater reduction in the
viscosity than when the enzyme had been added directly
to the skim milk. Less whey was produced when the
enzyme had been added to the skim milk. Addition of
the enzyme did not change the flavour of the cultured
skim milk.
8. The amount of whey separated in the low range of
acidity was directly related to the period of storage.
9. A storage temperature of 38ºF. proved to be more
efficient in preventing the separation of whey for a period
of one to three days than a higher storage temperature.
More than one to three days of storage at 38ºF. had no
apparent effect on the prevention of whey separation of
the cultured skim milk. [E. V. S.]
The inheritance of a haemophilia-like condition in
swine : RALPH BOGART AND M. E. MUHRER
(1942). J. Heredity 33, 59
HÆMOPHILIA, or a blood condition similar to it, has
been observed in man for sometime, but not previously
reported in animals. It is of interest in the latter as it
then becomes possible to study the condition carefully
without great concern for the life of the experimental
subject. This paper reports the occurrence and inheri-
tance of the condition in swine.
The abnormality in man has been named and its mode
of transmission known over a century. It is generally
agreed that hæmophilia in man is sex-linked and re-
cessive. Hæmophilia differs from 'purpura hemorr-
hagica' by both a higher count of platelets which are
abnormally stable and a retracting blood clot as com-
pared to the non-retracting blood clot of the latter.
The condition was first noted in Poland China pigs.
Its incidence was found to be intensified by inbreeding.
Poland China pigs including the bleeders and crosses
of these bleeders with Chester Whites, Duroc Jerseys
and Hampshires were studied. They involved 157
pigs from 24 matings of bleeders and carriers and 428
pigs from 60 matings of normal pigs. Laboratory tests
based on 'the coagulation time of recalcified citrated
blood plasma' were used to supplement prolonged bleed-
ing time to distinguish between bleeder and normal pigs.
Bleeder × bleeder matings gave pigs that were all
bleeders after weaning. In lines in which bleeding was
present, normal × normal or normal x bleeder matings
gave both normal and bleeder pigs. If the abnormality
were sex-linked, all boars from normal male ×bleeder
female matings would be expected to be bleeders and
all sows normal if the male in swine is heterogametic.
No difference, however, was observed in the frequency
of bleeders in either sex. Normal pigs consistently
resulted from crosses of normal boars of a line in which
bleeding was not observed × bleeder sows or the reci-
procal cross.
Hæmhorrages rarely occurred before pigs were two
months of age, neither did the laboratory test distin-
guish the bleeder from the normal. The severity of the
abnormality increased with age until a mature hog
might die as a result of a scratch on the snout or ear.
Fatal hæmhorrages occurred from the gums, sinuses,
lips, scratches on the nose and ears, internally, in the
uterus and in the intestines. Ordinary ringing of the
snout caused severe or even fatal bleeding. Castration
after two months of age was always fatal, usually within
five hours. Parturition was not always fatal to bleeder
sows. Swollen joints were frequently found in bleeders,
although not always a symptom of the abnormality.
Intestinal hæmhorrage may be caused by parasites.
Bleeding may continue six or seven days without
mortality.
Without reliable tests or observed hæmhorrages the
bleeder pig could not be distinguished from the normal
pig. The severity of hæmhorrage varied among bleeders;
this variation was thought to be due to a modifiable
recessive gene which is not sex-linked. [J. N. W.]
Crossbreeding investigation in the production of
California spring lambs: ROBERT F. MILLER
(1935). Bull. 598, Agri. Exp. Sta., California
SHEEP breeding in California has developed to supply
spring lambs in April and May which were born in De-
cember and January. Several types of ewes are commonly
used with four standard mutton type sires to produce
these fine lambs. In order to study the merits of the
various sires, a six year experiment was carried out.
Yearling rams of the Hampshire, Suffolk, Shropshire,
Southdown, Romney and Rambouillet breeds were mated
in rotation with lots of 20 Rambouillet ewes. These
ewes are referred to as group A. Another group of
first cross Romney-Rambouillet ewes, Group B, were
mated in rotation in lots of 20 with Hampshire, Suffolk,
Shropshire and Southdown rams. Breeding was started
the first year in early July, thereafter on July 15, and
continued about ten weeks. Lambing occurred from
December to February 15 inclusive. Feed and care
was the same for all animals during the study.
At marketing time the lambs were weighed and
hand picked into four grades, Choice, Good, Medium
and Common, and so marked. They were then slaught-
ered and regraded as carcasses after 3 or 4 hours in
the cooler. Carcasses were later shipped to the New
York City market where they were again graded before
sale on the open market.
Group A ewes produced an average lamb crop of from
127.4 to 137.4 per cent, whereas those of Group B pro-
duced from 126.6 to 130.0 per cent lambs annually.
The former ewes were slightly heavier at the start of
the experiment, weighing, by lots, from 141.4
lb. to 146.3 lb. each as compared to an average weight
by lots for Group B of from 137.0 lb. to 141.6 lb., and
sheared 13.4 lb. to 13.6 lb. of wool annually as compared
to 10.6 lb. to 11.0 lb. respectively. Lambs from group A
weighed 11.2 lb. for singles and 9.3 lb. for twins at
births as compared to 11.2 lb. and 9.0 lb. respectively
for Group B lambs. In each case lambs from Hampshire
rams were the heaviest if single; those from Suffolk
rams were heaviest if twins. The average daily gain
for group A lambs was greatest for those from Suffolk
rams, whereas for Group B it was highest for Hampshire
sired lambs. The pounds of lamb produced per Group
A ewe was 99.0 for the Hampshire rams, 96.5 for Suffolk
rams and 92.1 for Rambouillet rams; lambs of the first
two made exceptionally good gains toward the end of the
growing period. Figure for Group B ewes were all below
87.6 lb.
Choice, Good and Medium lambs were marketed;
Common lambs were classed as feeders and not marketed.
Of the lambs in Group A, 93 per cent from Southdown
rams were marketed, 88 per cent from Shropshire and
Suffolk and 86 per cent from Hampshire. The percentage
of choice lambs was also greatest from Southdown rams,
viz. 34.05 per cent. In group B lambs from Southdown