25

The Influence of a Dark Stable.—In reducing the num-
ber of all kinds of biting-flies which obtain access to the
horses is very marked. Most tonga stables are very open
structures and the flies freely enter ; much can be done to
greatly lessen the number of flies, without interfering with
the supply of fresh air, by producing the eaves as far down-
wards on all sides as the height of the ponies will admit. I
was not able to get the disease to spread in my controls
by the few flies which penetrated into the stable until they
were tied up immediately outside of the protection afforded
by the low roof. Only two or three Tabanus were seen biting
in our stable during the whole surra season, although they
were often seen just outside it.

In the Camel.—In addition to the principal method of
infection (biting-flies), it is possible that a few surra cases
may occur annually as a result of fighting amongst each
other when " masth." This, of course, occurs in the winter,
and infection would be from the " bitten " to the " biter ; "
serious wounds are often made with much hæmorrhage, and
the camel is seldom free from some wound or abrasion
about the mouth or nostril capable of admitting the
trypanosome.

Treatment of Surra in Camels was begun at Mohand,
but had to be stopped as we had not a sufficiently regular
supply of trypanosomes for our other work. Several facts
of value, however, were forthcoming, which are now being-
made use of in our work at Kharian.

A collection of biting-flies was made—and the identi-
fication work was put into the hands of Mr. Howlett, 2nd
Imperial Entomologist. It is likely that owing to the num-
ber of new species found, it will be a long time before the
full list will be forthcoming. He has, however, already
identified the anopheles as A. maculata, the Stegomyia as S.
alba (Theob.), and the Lyperosia as L. exigua.

Surra in the Camel, Bacha and Foal.—During my
winter tours I was assured by many Punjabi camelmen that
camel bachas do not suffer from surra ; neither could I find
any cases.

Mortality in camel bachas is thought to be chiefly due
to alimentary troubles caused by irregularities in the