THE NORMAL AND ABNORMAL TEMPERA-
 TURES OF THE CAMEL WITH A NOTE ON
     NORMAL PULSE AND RESPIRATION.

                                   BY

                    A. S. LEESE, I.C.V.D.,

              Investigating Camel Diseases.

THE following notes are the result of observation on
baggage-camels of the one-humped variety in Northern
India:—

There has been much uncertainty about the normal
temperature of the camel, and this arises from the fact that
the question is rather complicated, especially under present
Indian conditions ; for not only does the camel's tempera-
ture vary greatly according to the hour on which the obser-
vation is made on the same day, but there are also certain
circumstances which cause abnormal temperatures in healthy
camels, and as it is only in recent years that Surra has been
recognised to be so widespread a disease in Indian camels
and to be so difficult in many cases to diagnose, no doubt,
many observations had been made on animals which were
supposed to be healthy, but were actually Surra-infected.

Thus Steel (Diseases of the Camel, 1890, p. 36) puts the
health limits at 98° to 101° F. Rayment (" Camels on Field
Service") says that " the normal temperature of a camel
rises to 102° F." Mason says " it is about 99° F." (Journal of
Comparative Pathology, vol. 19, p. 118) ; the great difference
between the morning and evening temperatures of the camel
has been noted by many.

In connection with some experiments on Surra I found it
necessary to make daily blood-examinations of several
apparently healthy adult camels for a long period to prove